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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00064_Field_frep80.txt
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1996-12-30
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The synapses that horizontal
cells make with receptors are
likewise unusual, lacking the
electron-microscopic features
that would normally tell us
which way the information is
conveyed. It is clear that
receptors feed information to
horizontal cells through
excitatory synapses because
horizontal cells, like receptors,
are in most cases
hyperpolarized, or turned off,
by light. It is less clear where
the horizontal cell sends its
output: in some species such as
turtles we know that they feed
information back to receptors;
in other species they make
synapses with the dendrites of
bipolar cells and doubtless feed
into them; in primates we do
not have either type of
information. In summary,
horizontal cells get their input
from receptors; their output is
still uncertain, but is either
back to receptors, or to bipolar
cells, or to both.
The relatively wide retinal
area over which receptors
supply horizontal cells suggests
that the receptive fields of
horizontal cells should be
large, and they are. They are
about the size of the entire
receptive fields of bipolar cells
or ganglion cells, center plus
surround. They are uniform,
giving hyperpolarization
wherever you stimulate, and
more hyperpolarization the
larger the spot. Much evidence
points to the horizontal cells as
being responsible for the
receptive-field surrounds of the
bipolar cells--indeed they are
the only plausible candidates,
being the only cells that
connect to receptors over so
wide an expanse. When
horizontal cells connect
directly to bipolars, the
synapses to on-bipolars would
have to be excitatory (for the
effect of light in the surround
to be inhibitory) and those to
off-bipolars, inhibitory. If the
influence is by way of the
receptors, the synapses would
have to be inhibitory.
To sum this up: Bipolar cells
have center-surround receptive
fields. The center is supplied by
direct input from a small group
of receptors; the surround
arises from an indirect path
stemming from a wider expanse
of receptors that feed into
horizontal cells, which
probably feed into the bipolars.
The indirect path could also be
the result of the horizontal
cells feeding back and
inhibiting the receptors.